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The Future of the Brain: Essays
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Including a chapter by 2014 Nobel laureates May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser
An unprecedented look at the quest to unravel the mysteries of the human brain, The Future of the Brain takes readers to the absolute frontiers of science. Original essays by leading researchers such as Christof Koch, George Church, Olaf Sporns, and May-Britt and Edvard Moser describe the spectacular technological advances that will enable us to map the more than eighty-five billion neurons in the brain, as well as the challenges that lie ahead in understanding the anticipated deluge of data and the prospects for building working simulations of the human brain. A must-read for anyone trying to understand ambitious new research programs such as the Obama administration's BRAIN Initiative and the European Union's Human Brain Project, The Future of the Brain sheds light on the breathtaking implications of brain science for medicine, psychiatry, and even human consciousness itself.
Contributors include: Misha Ahrens, Ned Block, Matteo Carandini, George Church, John Donoghue, Chris Eliasmith, Simon Fisher, Mike Hawrylycz, Sean Hill, Christof Koch, Leah Krubitzer, Michel Maharbiz, Kevin Mitchell, Edvard Moser, May-Britt Moser, David Poeppel, Krishna Shenoy, Olaf Sporns, Anthony Zador.
- Sales Rank: #557762 in Books
- Published on: 2014-11-24
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x 5.00" w x 1.00" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 304 pages
Review
One of Times Higher Education’s Best Books of 2015
"The narratives attempt thought-provoking arguments for the future of the brain and the implications on ethics and human behaviour. A fascinating book for readers of all levels."--Library Journal
"Dispatches from the scientific minds at the forefront of the quest to map and understand the myriad neural connections that constitute evolutions's most curious creation, the essays that make up The Future of the Brain serve as great primers in topics scientific and logistical: from memory and consciousness to the computer modeling of neural complexities to big-data analysis."--Bob Grant, The Scientist
"A book called The Future of the Brain: Essays by the World's Leading Neuroscientists cannot have modest ambitions. The editors and authors of this collection of essays do not disappoint on that score, taking a broad, well-informed view of recent and potential advances in neuroscience and their implications for the field."--Sandra Aamodt, Nature Neuroscience
"[The Future of the Brain] will leave readers both amazed and full of questions."--Richard E. Cytowic, New York Journal of Books
"[T]he Future of the Brain offers a broad spectrum of introductions to different fields of current neuroscience research, perfect for readers interested in going beyond basic neuroscience."--Chris Kaperak, Daily
"An awe-inspiring treasure trove of progress reports, frank opinions and exciting predictions from eminent neuroscientists of all genres."--Georgina Rippon, Times Higher Education
From the Back Cover
"A wonderful way to launch yourself into the exciting world of twenty-first-century neuroscience, whether you are a scientist or an intellectually curious layperson. The power in this sampler is that the coverage is not just technical but conceptual: the essays probe the ways in which an understanding of the brain will and won't illuminate the mind, and they do so with depth and balance rather than the usual breathless hype."--Steven Pinker, author of The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works
"Have you ever wondered what's coming around the bend in terms of new insights into how the brain works? Open the pages of The Future of the Brain to find out. Gary Marcus and Jeremy Freeman have brought together some of the leading thinkers and researchers to share their vision of where we are headed. It's a fun, readable book full of insights."--Joseph LeDoux, author of The Emotional Brain and Synaptic Self
"A deep, intriguing view into the most exciting advances in neuroscience. The Future of the Brain is a nuanced and thought-provoking guide to what we do and don't know about the human brain--and what we may or may not one day find out."--Maria Konnikova, author of Mastermind: How to Think Like Sherlock Holmes
"Understanding, theorizing, and simulating the human brain are essential goals for twenty-first-century science and engineering. Surfing the fine line between science and science fiction, this book is a treasure trove of daring ideas."--Stanislas Dehaene, author of Consciousness and the Brain: Deciphering How the Brain Codes Our Thoughts
"The brain is a complicated thing, and progress in understanding how it works may seem slow. Will creating huge research teams, collecting more data at higher resolutions, and sharing data more widely and openly kick-start a new wave of progress? Or does the field still need to make conceptual leaps before the results would even make sense? Brilliant minds on both sides describe their visions of the future of neuroscience in this collection of short, engaging essays."--Christopher Chabris, coauthor of The Invisible Gorilla: How Our Intuitions Deceive Us
"Massive technological advances promise rapid and profound discoveries in neuroscience, with very broad implications for our understanding of behavior, ethics, and even religion. Featuring contributions by acknowledged experts, this collection provides a fascinating look at what is happening in the ‘big science' of the brain."--Michael C. Corballis, author of The Recursive Mind: The Origins of Human Language, Thought, and Civilization
About the Author
Gary Marcus is professor of psychology and neural science at New York University. His books include Guitar Zero: The Science of Becoming Musical at Any Age and Kluge: The Haphazard Evolution of the Human Mind. Jeremy Freeman is a neuroscientist at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Janelia Farm Research Campus.
Most helpful customer reviews
61 of 68 people found the following review helpful.
A Big Vision of a Long Future of a Lot of Work
By Stephen E. Robbins
This book is a great antidote. It is not the best antidote for it still lacks vision as to the actual depth of the problems being faced, but there is enough vision and awareness, particularly of the true state of affairs in neuroscience, to pack this antidote-pill with plenty of power nevertheless. The ill for which the pill is the antidote is the vastly optimistic speculation and over-worry of the AI community - the supposed very soon equivalence of AIs to human intelligence once we have (again, very soon) simulated the human brain, the anxiety over robot takeovers of the human race and over the robot/AI's lack of "values" as opposed to their soon-to-be massive amped-up intelligence. The list is long: Kaku (The Future of the Mind), Barrat (Our Final Invention), Armstrong (Smarter Than Us), Muehlhauser (Facing the Intelligence Explosion), Kurzweil (How to Build a Mind) , and many more. This book makes them look, well, questionable at best.
Marcus and Freeman, the editors/contributors, set the tone in the intro: A brain with over 85 billion neurons, where there are perhaps 1000 different neuron types, each with different physical and electrical characteristics, each with functions of which we know nothing about. Overarching this already vast scope of discovery: "...we have yet to discover many of the organizing principles that govern all that complexity...we are still shaky on fundamentals like how the brain stores memories..." And worse, "...all agree that the most foundational properties of neural computation have yet to be discovered." On the deck are huge initiatives - the Obama BRAIN initiative, the European human brain project and more - and new techniques and methods - optical tracing in neurons, genetic techniques, the ability to record thousands of neurons simultaneously and more. Many of the contributors discuss these new initiatives and technologies, the rate of progress they envision, the obstacles, the limitations. The others are focused on the deep and massive problem the initiatives and new technologies both engender and face: Confronted with an enormous mass of neural data re connections, firings, frequencies, response strength, etc., perhaps on the order of zetabytes for even short recordings of brain function, how does one discover within this data the organizing principles governing the brain? How, as Shenoy notes, do we avoid "drowning in the data?"
The problem is enormous. As one contributor illustrates it, it is like trying to understand how a laptop computer functions via tracing its connections and modeling these over time - when we are not even aware of the existence of something called software! Shenoy's reliance on "levels of abstraction" for analysis (where for a computer, software is one "level") sounds nice, but the role of "software" in the case of the brain is in our correct understanding of, or theory of, firstly, perception, i.e., an understanding of the origin of the image of the external world (our experience) to include its "qualia." This (stated in terms of the origin of our image of the external world) is the more correct statement of the hard problem - Chalmers' version, stated only in terms of the origin of "qualia," has been misleading. It is foundational; it is a current mystery. Yet without an understanding of perception (experience), we cannot begin to have a theory of memory, i.e., of the "storage" of this experience, IF experience is even stored in the brain - and this theoretical chasm is why we are "still shaky" on this fundamental, namely the storing of memories. This understanding is a must-have to guide our analysis of the mass of neural data to come. This in turn cascades into how cognition, thought and language work (as all is based upon this experience and its retrieval) and beyond. The lack of this appreciation hides in areas of the book. Eliasmith pictures his "Spaun" neural model of the brain with arrow-connected boxes - visual input, information encoding, transform calcs, reward evaluation, action selection, action output. Nowhere is there a clue how the goings-on in the boxes become my image of the external world - watching my hand stirring a cup of coffee in the kitchen - yes, my experience. And endemic to neuroscience - nowhere is there an acknowledgement that in perceiving such an event, the neural mass is in fact responding to a mass of environmental information involving invariance laws - radial flow fields over the coffee surface, adiabatic invariants (a ratio of energy of oscillation to frequency) in the periodic motion of the spoon existing over haptic flows, texture gradients supporting size constancy, inertial tensors defining the wielding of the spoon, flow fields defining even the cup's form, and on, and all comprising a prior level of theoretical effort (still vastly incomplete) essential to making any sense of the neural data, and all yet irrelevant, as far as I have ever been able to discover in the literature, to the neuroscientists.
Describing the depth of this theoretical problem (the real stand-in for the "software" problem) is a weakness in the book. But enough hints are there. Freeman notes that the function of V2 (a visual area), despite massive data analysis, has resisted understanding for years (along with limited grasp of V3, V4, V5, etc.). Only by making a sharp theoretical guess - note, theoretical - has some partial progress for V2 recently been made. The more complex, the more massive the data, the more theory drives data analysis. And we are in a crisis of theory. Hints of the symptoms surface in the above discussion where it is noted that great supposed progress was made by Hubel and Wiesel's 1959 discovery of cells in V1 which are sensitive to the orientation and direction of lines, seeming to give the basis for the parsing of a visual scene - stirring the coffee - but the expectation of finding the logical extensions of such processing in higher visual areas has never come to fruition. In truth, perception theory itself has recognized that elements such as Hubel and Wiesel's cannot be the basis for scene recognition (see On Time, Memory and Dynamic Form, in Consciousness and Cognition (journal), 2004), i.e., one of the hitherto very basic neural assumptions about our perception of the external world is itself, well, shaky. But this only brings us back to the magnitude of the theoretical problem which precedes the analysis of a mass of neural data.
In all, however, this is a book of great interest, thought provoking, very informative on neuroscience today, on discoveries made, and action to come. Marcus' unbridled trashing of the current cognitive science neuro-favorite, namely the connectionist network (on which the mythological hopes of current AI are based), is a refreshing change. Something else, some other form of computation, as he argues, is needed. This is the great question, at least broached in the book to some degree - what is the form of computation that the brain is actually employing??? It is not what we think today. (Turing himself allowed for a "broad computation" which is not the form of computation embodied in computers or connectionist networks (same thing) or Turing Machines). Just to glimpse how different things might be, what if, as Bergson presciently envisioned (Matter and Memory, 1896), the brain's dynamics actually supports a form of modulated reconstructive wave passing through a universal, holographic field, specifying a subset of the field as an image of the external environment? Brain-computation would indeed be quite different. The final chapter, which takes us on a future look to 2064 is interesting in its assessment of the hurdles. The breakthrough waits until 2064; at least we are beyond Kurzweil's "Singularity" of 2045. But no, the hard problem will not simply "resolve," like "what is life" as they propose. It is, again, foundational. Even in the candor of this final vision, then, I think the work that remains is deeply underestimated.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Interesting
By Cliente de Amazon
An interesting and entertaining book, puts us in perspective the news in neuroscience and the future that they would ask doing
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Four Stars
By JORGE R. TALBOT
Great book about the brain.
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